Speechwriters should mostly use active voice rather than passive voice

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

On June 22, 2024 I blogged about how I write speeches in active voice – not passive voice. An article by The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from The Writing Center – College of Arts and Sciences titled Passive Voice [Tips & Tools] explains:

 

“A passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action into the subject of a sentence. That is, whoever or whatever is performing the action is not the grammatical subject of the sentence. Take a look at the passive reframing of a familiar joke [Why did the chicken cross the road?]:

 

‘Why was the road crossed by the chicken?’ “

 

On December 19, 2017 I blogged about More speechwriting resources from the Congressional Research Service. In that post I discussed a publication by Thomas H. Neale and Dana Ely from April 12, 2007, their CRS Report 98-170, titled Speechwriting in Perspective: A Brief Guide to Effective and Persuasive Communication.

 

Under Contemporary Style and Tone the fourth paragraph explains:

 

“Writers should generally use simple declarative sentence, preferably in the active voice, when making important statements of fact, assertion, or opinion. Use of the passive voice should not be dismissed out of hand, however; it is sometimes the more desirable form, and can lend grace and variety to the speaker’s flow of words that stimulates the listener. It is excessive use that should be avoided. Similarly, exclusive use of the active voice can impart a choppy, juvenile cadence to even a content-rich speech.”

 

A detailed article by Jacob M. Carpenter from 2022 in Legal Communication & Rhetoric titled The Problems and Positives of Passives: Exploring Why Controlling Passive Voice and Nominalizations Is About More Than Preference and Style states that you should use passive voice:

 

To emphasize something other than the actor

When the actor is unimportant or unknown

To improve cohesion and concision through dovetailing

To portray objectivity or deflect responsibility

To distance the reader psychologically

 

He also notes that:

 

“Passive voice at the beginning of a sentence may create an effective ‘dovetail’ connecting adjacent sentences….

 

In subsequent telephone conferences the defendant’s counsel promised to produces the documents within 30 days. The documents were never produced.”

 

My graphic uses a modified version of the man posting a sign from the Library of Congress.

 

 

A 270-page trainer’s guide for teaching how to write in plain language

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A Wikipedia page for Plain Language defines that:

 

 “Plain language is writing designed to ensure the reader understands as quickly, easily, and completely as possible. Plain language strives to be easy to read, understand, and use. It avoids verbose, convoluted language and jargon.”

 

Another Wikipedia page on Plain English elaborates that:

 

“Plain English (also referred to as layman’s terms) is a mode of writing or speaking the English language intended to be easy to understand regardless of one’s familiarity with a given topic. It usually avoids the use of rare words and uncommon euphemisms to explain the subject. Plain English wording is intended to be suitable for almost anyone, and it allows for good understanding to help readers know a topic. It is considered part of plain language.”

 

On December 4, 2022 I blogged about Advice from the U. S. National Institutes of Health on writing clearly using Plain Language and discussed a 13-page article.

 

Recently I found a 270-page pdf e-book from the Government of Canada in 1994 titled PLAIN LANGUAGE: CLEAR AND SIMPLE: Trainer’s Guide. It has the following sections for giving a two-day course:

 

Module 1: Introducing Plain Language [page 1]

Module 2: The Starting Point: Your Reader 

  and Your Purpose [page 13]

Module 3: Organizing Your Ideas [page 19]

Module 4: Using Appropriate Words [page 29]

Module 5: Writing Clear and Effective Sentences 

  [page 51]

Module 6: Writing Clear and Effective Paragraphs 

  [page 75]

Module 7: Presenting Your Message Effectively [page 81]

Module 8: Testing and Revising the Document 

  for Usability and Readability [page 89]

Module 9: Putting It All Together: Working 

  with Plain Language [page 101]

 

 

Excellent Tips and Techniques for Accelerating Your Writing

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

There is a terse two-page article by Noe Lorona on pages 41 and 42 in the Spring 2025 issue of Army Communicator [professional bulletin] titled Tips and Techniques for Accelerating Your Writing. I found it in the MasterFILE Premier database in the EBSCOhost collection at my friendly local public library. You can download the entire issue here. Noe’s paragraph titles are:

 

Set Writing Targets and Deadlines

Take a Stroll in the Idea Phase

Write First, Edit Later

Leverage AI Tools

Find Your Flow

Embrace Collaboration and Accountability

Overcome Writer’s Block

Iterate and Refine

Final Thoughts

 

Both motivation and urgency are important, as is shown above in my colorized version of his table. Under Set Writing Targets and Deadlines he says that: 

“Deadlines create urgency, which helps overcome procrastination. Without clear goals, writing projects can linger indefinitely. To stay on track, set word count goals by breaking your writing into manageable word count targets per session. Use timers, such as the Pomodoro technique, to write for 25-30 minutes with short breaks to maintain momentum. Commit to a publishing date, even if self-imposed, as having a target completion date adds accountability. Writing with intent makes a difference, so align ideas with the format and audience.”

 And under Take a Stroll in the Idea Phase Noe says:

“Before you start drafting, invest time in generating and refining your ideas. Rushing into writing without a clear direction often leads to disorganized thoughts and multiple rounds of heavy revisions. Do not rush into drafting; instead, stay in the idea phase longer. Use mind mapping to create a visual representation of your ideas and their connections to ensure logical progression. Brainstorm by jotting down all your thoughts, no matter how scattered they may seem, and categorize them later. Backward planning is useful. Begin with the final goal in mind to make it easier to structure the supporting arguments or sections leading up to it. Sticky notes or index cards help by allowing you to write key points down and arrange them physically to sort and prioritize content.”

 

 

Comparing scales for loudness and temperature

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

On November 23, 2023 I blogged about Five recent articles on using analogies and linked to an article by Miguel Balbin, Khatora Opperman and Tulio Rossi at Animate Your Science on November 7, 2022 which is titled How to write effective analogies for communicating research. They explained that:

 

“An analogy is a descriptive comparison of similarities between two or more different things. Using comparisons helps to explain complex and new ideas by linking them to something familiar.”

 

There is an interesting 2025 book by Walter Murch titled SUDDENLY SOMETHING CLICKED: The Languages of Film Editing and Sound Design. Chapter 19 in the section on Sound Design is titled ODE TO SPO: The Road to Apocalypse. On page 225, he has a pair of tables first listing loudness of sounds in decibels and then temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. Most of us are very familiar with temperatures between those for water freezing (32^oF) and boiling (212^oF). Walter notes there is a close alignment between the subjective experiences for loudness and temperature, although this just is a fortuitous coincidence. I have tabulated them side by side, as shown above.

 

His discussion of film editing describes working on the 1974 mystery thriller film The Conversation. It was written, produced, and directed by Francis Ford Coppola. On page 133 there is an image showing how scenes in it were edited. That is shown more clearly in a two-minute Vimeo video titled Conversation: Restructure first 40 minutes.

 

Hair salons with puns for names

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I found three funny articles about hair salons whose names are puns. One is by Jess Zimmermam at Atlas Obscura on September 30, 2015 and titled Hair They Are, the Punniest Salon Names in America. A second is at the Meh.com/Forum on October 23, 2018 and titled Hair places often have some of the worst (read:best) pun-tastic names. The following are all real. What’s your favorite? An undated third at DaySmart salon is The 23 Funniest Hair Salon Names. An alphabetical merged list of them is:

 

Anita Haircut

 

Barberella

Best Little Hair House

Bush Wacker

A Breath of FresHair

 

Clip Art

Combing Attractions

Curl Up and Dye

Cut and Dry

 

Deja Do

Do or Dye

Dye Pretty

 

Family Ahair

Finger Bang

From Hair to Eternity

 

Grateful Dreads

The Grateful Head

 

Hair Force One

Hair Today Dye Tomorrow

Hair Today, Gone Tomorrow

Hair We Go!

Hairitage

Hairport

Hairphernalia

Hairatics Dye for Your Beliefs

Hannah and Her Scissors

 

Jack of All Fades

Jack the Clipper

Julius Scissor

 

Lice Knowing You

Lunatic Fringe

 

The Mane Tamer

Mullet Over

 

Nail Me Good

 

Scissors Palace

Shear Delight

Shear Destiny

Shear Lock Combs

Shear Madness

Shear Perfection

Snip Doggy Dog

Snip Tease

 

The Tortoise and the Hair

Turn Your Head and Coif

The Twisted Scissor

 

A Wild Hair

 

You Are Hair

You’ve Got Nail

 

I got started on this topic by seeing page 44 of the 2026 book by Christopher Duffy titled Humor Me: How laughing more can make you present, creative, connected, and happy. In a section on Looking for Laughs in All the Right Places Chris said:

 

“Once I was traveling through Maine when I passed a hair salon named Hair Force One. It was a pun so hilarious and terrible that it stopped me in my tracks. And then, over the course of the next week, I noticed more and more hair salon puns: State of Mane, Curl Up and Dye, and so many more. To me, Maine is now a state defined by business name puns so excruciating that they come back around to being amazing."

 

The hair salon cartoon was adapted from one at OpenClipArt.

 

 

Watch out for different cultural styles!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

There is a good, brief article by Maria Garaitonandia on pages 26 and 27 in the February 2026 issue of Toastmaster magazine titled Untangling cultural knots and subtitled How to turn misunderstandings into bridges between cultures. Also there is a 32-minute Toastmasters Podcast (on YouTube) with Bo Bennett titled #292 Untangling Cultural Knots to Create Mutual Connection – Maria Garaitonandia.

 

Maria talks about two different cultural types that focus on either relationships or tasks. She begins with an example of Mexican executive Pedro and his American colleague Owen in her second and third paragraphs:

 

“When an urgent matter needed Owen’s sign-off, Pedro hurried to his office, only to find him on the phone. Pedro peeked in, but Owen didn’t acknowledge him, so he walked in and interrupted Owen by signaling with his hand.

 

Taken aback, Owen interrupted his conversation and said to Pedro, ‘Can’t you see I’m on the phone?’ Pedro apologized and tried to explain, but Owen interrupted him and said, ‘When I’m finished, I’ll take care of it,’ and promptly turned his back on Pedro.”

 

Then Maria talks about cultures focused either on relationships or tasks. In cultures focused on relationships (like Brazil, Mexico or in the Middle East) trust and loyalty are the priorities. Communication is contextual and layered. Being attentive and available shows respect. In cultures focused on tasks (like Germany Switzerland or the United States) efficiency and results. Communication is direct, concise, and explicit. Following schedules and procedures shows respect. These differences are summarized above via my PowerPoint table based on her discussion. I think a similar table would have been a useful addition to the article, but could have been left out due to squeezing it into just two pages.

 

Of course, if we were doing a speech that table better would be a build with the following four PowerPoint slides – adding the new information in green and graying out the previous information:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

You can get writing prompts from The Amazing Story Generator flipbook

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

On December 15, 2020 I blogged about Using writing prompts to get unstuck. And on November 12, 2022 I blogged about how Writing prompts also can be used for Table Topics questions.

 

There is a useful 2012 spiral-bound flipbook by Jason Sacher titled The Amazing Story Generator: Creates Thousands of Writing Prompts and subtitled Mix-and-match creative writing prompts. As shown above, there are three phrases which can be separately flipped to assemble a single sentence writing prompt. I got a copy from the juvenile section at the main Boise Public Library downtown.

 

The book was discussed in a brief article at CreativTeach on January 14, 2015 titled The Amazing Story Generator: It’s Actually Amazing. And there is a nine-minute YouTube video from N. V. Rivera on March 13, 2020 titled Writing Prompt 11 The Amazing Story Generator.

 

 

Is today the first day of the rest of your life?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Doug Savage’s Savage Chickens cartoon for February 5, 2026 titled First has the following dialogue:

 

First Chicken: Today is the first day of the rest of your life!

 

Second Chicken: This second is the first second of the rest of this minute!

 

Second Chicken [continuing]: That’s how ridiculous you sound.

 

Where did that tired proverb come from? The Wikipedia article on Synanon has a section Beginnings saying their founder Charles E. ‘Chuck’ Dederich Sr. coined the phrase. But the 2012 Dictionary of Modern American Proverbs instead says on page 260 (see Google Books) that it first shows up in the January 29, 1968 Helena Montana Independent Record (but likely is older than that):

 

“The colorful fluorescent posters lining the walls of the crowded Student Union theatre bore such messages as….’Today is the first day of the rest of your life’.”

 

Another Wikipedia article attributes that proverb to The Digger Papers.

 

That proverb also is on a sign in a ‘Welcome to Hell’ Far Side cartoon by Gary Larson. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

An illustration for “This second is the first second of the rest of this minute!” is shown above based on an OpenClipArt image.

 

 

Brian Jenner raps about what he does as a speechwriter

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I was looking at a post by David Murray at his Writing Boots blog on February 4, 2026 titled Apparently, it takes diff’rent strokes to move the world of professional speechwriting. He had embedded a two-minute YouTube rap video by Brian Jenner from February 21, 2018 titled The Speechwriter Rap – Brian Jenner – Speechwriter. Text for the first minute is:

 

“I expect you’re here because 

    you’ve got a speech to make

You need to impress, there’s a lot at stake

You’re wondering – what can a speechwriter do?

That’s my job title; I’ll explain to you

On the phone, because that’s the inexpensive way

You tell me in your own words, what you’d like to say

I’ll then quiz you gently about your ideas

The journalist in me will calm all your fears

When’s the event? What’s the setting?

How many guests? Won’t that joke be upsetting?

With a clear understanding, I’ll be ready to go

Whoah! Did we agree on a fee? Oh dear no

Before that’s sorted, nothing begins

In business, we like it, when everyone wins

As a writer, for years I’ve scribbled and spoken

Check out my books, with your next book token

My skill is: I’ve written dozens of speeches

My, my. There’s a lot that experience teaches”

 

On October 19, 2025 I blogged about when Brian Jenner discusses the state of speechwriting.

 

An image of a man typing on a laptop was cropped from one at Wikimedia Commons.

 

 

Our tools for measuring, recording, remembering, and reasoning about time

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

There is an excruciatingly detailed 22-page pdf article by Kensy Cooperrider at Topics in Cognitive Science on April 29, 2025 (Volume 18, Number 1, pages 147 to 168) titled Time Tools. He concludes:

 

“We humans come into the world with basically the same biological equipment for managing time as many other animals, and probably all other primates. But we nonetheless end up with an understanding of time that is unlike any other in the natural world. This is because we alone have developed cognitive technologies to help us grapple with temporal structures - and helpful they are. They allow us to tally, coordinate, predict, measure, record, remember, and reason; they allow us to deal with time in new, powerful ways. Though some of the consequences of time tools are quite recent, others are far older: some scholars have proposed that early time tools like seasonal calendars may have already begun to improve our foraging success in the Upper Paleolithic.

 

Our cognitive technologies for thinking about time have now become so deeply internalized, so woven into our understanding of the world, that we can barely imagine a world without them. Clocks, calendars, and timelines; seconds, minutes, hours; shared ways of talking about time as something to be saved and ‘budgeted’; ideas of time zones and deadlines and setting clocks back - these ideas are now utterly banal. Today, to not know the day of the week - an arbitrary convention par excellence—is to experience deep disorientation. Physicians check on patients’ faculties by asking them what year it is, and a common formal screening for cognitive impairment involves reading an analog clock. One of the most remarkable aspects of our time tools - and of human cognitive technologies in general - is that we grow so dependent on them that they become almost invisible.

 

Here, I have tried to shake up this feeling of invisibility - to remove, as it were, the glasses we had forgotten we were wearing. By focusing on earlier, less familiar time tools - in particular, those that came before the rise of ubiquitous ‘clock time’ - I have tried to bring into focus: first, the diversity of concepts, practices, and artifacts humans have developed for dealing with time; and, second, the universality of the practical problems that humans have used time tools to solve. The importance of our time tools is hard to overstate. Much is made –understandably - of our species’ ecological dominance, of the fact that we were able to spread over a vast swath of space, occupying niches that are completely inhospitable to other primates. Less is made of our species ‘temporal dominance,’ of the fact that we alone have learned to navigate and master - and, arguably, construct - a fourth dimension of the world. Without time tools this would have been, quite literally, unthinkable.”

 

An image of Big Ben came from Wikimedia Commons.

 

 

An excellent comprehensive monthly calendar for planning to improve your public speaking this year

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

On January first I blogged about In 2026 only you can prevent bad presentations, and mentioned an article by Maurice Decastro at Mindful Presenter on December 28, 2025 titled 10 Ways to Develop Strong Public Speaking Skills in 2026. He has another article on January 1, 2026 titled Transform your public speaking skills: a comprehensive yearly growth calendar. It has the following categories organized by months, each of which is briefly discussed:

  

January – Prioritise what matters most

Identify your ‘why”

Focus on your strengths first

Find a trusted friend or colleague

 

February – Clarity is king

Start small and clarify one core message

Know your audience and shape the message around them

Pressure-test your clarity

 

March – Create a strong, impactful opening and closing

Begin with a compelling quote or question

Share a fascinating anecdote, statistic, or fact

Create an image

Close with impact

 

April – Managing your nerves

Ground your body to calm your mind

Shift focus away from yourself

Build confidence through preparation, not perflection

 

May – Could you listen to yourself?

Record yourself practicing

Slow down and pause

Experiment with volume and emphasis

 

June – Practice mindful movement

Connect with the ground and your hands

Connect through eye contact

Connect with yourself before speaking

 

July – Manage your bad habits

Fire, aim, read

One size fits all

The curse of knowledge

Avoiding mud at the wall

Avoiding PPI (Preparation, practice, internalization)

The tornado effect

Looking good

Avoiding the bush

The ostrich syndrome

Speed of light

Energy is key

The corporate spokesperson

The comforter

Motion sickness

Let’s count

You don’t sound so sure

 

August – Share stories

Create a personal story bank

Structure your story and make it emotionally engaging

Enhance your story delivery skills

 

September – Focus on engagement and interaction

Ask questions

Encourage reflection and gauge the atmosphere

Boost audience participation

 

October – Get out more

Attend live events

Look for opportunities to learn

Ask for help when needed

 

November – Mastering questions

Listen fully and clarify

Pause, smile, and breathe

Stay focused and strategic

 

December – Spend time reflecting

Reflect on your learning and add new techniques

Demonstrate your skills in practical situations

Create a personal development plan

 

His monthly titles had dashes for January, February, March, April, May, September, October, and November; But he used colons for June, July, August, and December. I edited to make them consistent.

 

There are three categories in each month for January, February, April, May, June, August, September, October, November, and December. But there are four categories for March, and sixteen categories for July. That is a total of 44 categories! Those 16 from July might better have left four there, and spread the remaining dozen as two each over six months.

 

The calendar was adapted from this one at OpenClipArt.  

 

 

An excellent blog post on how to rehearse a speech

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

There is an excellent post by Nick Morgan at his Public Words blog on February 6, 2024 titled How to Rehearse a Speech which has the following half-dozen useful suggestions:

 

As soon as you can, ‘freeze’ the script.

 

Record the speech and play it on walks, runs, drives, and anything else repetitive you do before the event.

 

Break the speech into chunks and rehearse them out of order.

 

Spend time connecting your motion on stage with the moments of your speech.

 

Memorize the flow of the speech, not the specific words.

 

Practice the speech with different emotional tones.

 

The image of Brittney Marie came from Wikimedia Commons.

 

 

Four portmanteau words with less and more; never and ever

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wikipedia says that:

 

“In linguistics, a portmanteau (also known as a blend word, lexical blend, or simply blend) is a word formed by combining the meanings and parts of the sounds of two or more words.”

 

The 2x2 table shown above lists those for combinations of less and more; and never and ever. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary says that nevertheless is an adverb meaning “in spite of that; however”, nevermore is an adverb meaning “never again,” and evermore is an adverb meaning “forever, always.” Everless isn’t in the dictionary; but instead is the title for a 2018 book by Sara Holland: Everless: A New York Times Bestselling YA Fantasy Romance of Time and Dangerous Secrets.

 

On January 19, 2024 I blogged about The Joy of 2x2 tables, or charts, or matrixes.

 

 

An xkcd cartoon about hazardous male-to-male extension cords

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The xkcd comic for January 23, 2026 is titled Double-Pronged Extension Cord. My colorized version is shown above. It was discussed at Explain xkcd. A Wikipedia article titled Gender of connectors and fasteners has a section on Safety that explains how this is a tragedy waiting to happen:

 

“A double-ended male connector for utility-supplied (mains) electrical power is extremely dangerous, and sometimes is called a ‘suicide cable’ or ‘widowmaker cord’. Some hardware shops explicitly refuse to make or sell them when asked by customers who have mistakenly hung a string of Christmas lights backwards and wish to connect the socket end to a wall socket, or who intend to connect a generator or inverter to their home's electrical circuit in the event of a utility power outage. The exposed prongs on the live end of the cable pose serious electrical shock and fire hazards, and when improperly used in a generator setup may cause the equipment to burn out when utility power is restored. It can also backfeed power into the grid, potentially damaging utility equipment or even electrocuting linemen attempting to restore power.^”

 

There is an article at the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) web site on September 15, 2022 titled CPSC warns consumers to immediately stop using male-to-male extension cords sold on Amazon.com due to electrocution, fire, and carbon monoxide poisoning hazards. A follow-up article at Consumer Reports by Tobie Stanger on September 16, 2022 is titled Don’t Use Male-to-Male Extension Cords Sold on Amazon – or Elsewhere.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

For photography male-to-male extension cords sometimes were used to synchronize a pair of electronic flashes for cameras, like the suicide cable shown above. Of course, this was potentially dangerous because someone else might instead plug one end into an AC wall socket and destroy your flash. See an article at STROBIST in April 2006 titled Lighting 101: Build a Pro Synch Cord, Pt. 1.

 

The image of a suicide cable came from Wikimedia Commons. 

 

 

Before bows and arrows, hunters used spear throwers called atlatals

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

There is a 2025 book by Sam Kean titled Dinner with King Tut: How rogue archeologists are re-creating the sights, sounds, smells, and tastes of lost civilizations. I blogged about it in a post on January 26, 2026 titled What did Egyptian laborers who built the pyramids eat? That book has eleven chapters that cover the following dates:

 

Africa – 75,000 years ago

South America – 7500 BC

Turkey -6500s BC

Egypt – 2000s BC

Polynesia – 1000s BC

Rome – AD 100s

California – AD 500s

Viking Europe – AD 900s

Northern Alaska – AD 1000s

China – AD 1200s

Mexico – AD 1500s

 

Chapter 2, South America – 7500 BC, has a section starting on page 67 about a spear thrower (shown above) called an atlatal:

 

“The atlatl is a two-foot-long stick with a hook or spur on one side. The darts are wooden shafts with a stone point hafted to one end and a concave cup carved into the other. (Asana prefers shorter darts, a yard or so long, since they can double as spears in a pinch). To load an atlatl, you hold it at shoulder-height, parallel to the ground, and fit the cup end of the dart into the spur-hook. To fire the dart, you step forward and snap the atlatl down with your wrist. Imagine flicking paint off a paint-brush – same motion. Overall, your thigh and core generate the power, which gets channeled into the dart via the arm and snapped wrist.

 

To the uninitiated, the atlatl probably seems baroque. Why not just hurl a spear, instead of using a stick to fling it? A detailed answer would require a long digression into the physics of levers and rotational velocity, but the basic idea is this: the longer your arm, the faster you can throw something. (Think of those long plastic ball-throwers for playing with dogs.) Atlatals effectively lengthen your arm by a foot or two and therefore provide a huge speed boost: experts can fling the darts 80 mph, while spears alone top out around 50 mph. Speed is a major factor in a weapon’s penetration ability and knockdown power, so atlatl darts are pretty darn deadly.

 

Despite their obscurity nowadays, especially compared to spears or arrows, atlatls were probably the most widely used hunting weapon in prehistory, in climates from the tropics to the poles. As a result, there’s a serious contingent of atlatl enthusiasts within experimental archaeology.

 

I get to try atlatls myself during an undergraduate class that Mein Eren teaches. We meet at a frisbee golf course near campus, where he unloads several dozen atlatl darts from his pickup. Each is around six feet long and a bit less than an inch thick, and they’re fletched with fake feathers – neon, green, black-and-blue, crimson. I’m surprised how bendy they are, quite flexible. Atlatlists debate why that flexibility matters, but rigid darts simply don’t fly as straight or true: darts need spring.

 

The atlatls Eren hands out are pretty basic – wooden sticks with hooks. Most people throughout history used something similar, but the inhabitants of the treeless altiplano would have saved their wood for darts and made atlatals from the leg bones of vicunas. (I actually stumbled across one such bone on a walk in Peru. It was bleached white, and differed from traditional atlatls in that it had a kink in it. But when I whipped it downward with my wrist, it felt perfect.)”

 

And Chapter 7, California – AD 500s. has another topic starting on page 270:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“Bows and arrows were the single most complicated piece of technology in prehistoric times, incorporating nearly every material used by our ancestors – wood, stone, sinew, antler, resin, rope, feathers. And while atlatals long predated them, bows and arrows eventually replaced atlatals on nearly every continent. There are several reasons why.

 

The big advantage of atlatals is that their heavy darts pack quite a punch; you can really wallop game. But as megafauna went extinct on continent after continent, the importance of landing a big blow waned in tandem. Hunting smaller game requires stealth and precision, and bows and arrows allow you to hide in a blind and snipe at game instead of scaring them off with the big clumsy movement of an atlatl toss. You also stand still while shooting them, and can sight down an arrow and take aim, something that’s impossible with the side-armed atlatl. Arrows offer a superior rate of fire, too. With atlatals, you usually get one throw before an animal flees, but it’s possible to fire several arrows in quick succession. (Some Plains Indians could keep eight in the air at once). All in all, after the decline of the megafauna, arrows proved more superior in most hunting scenarios.

 

But as with all technological advances, the switch to bows and arrows was accompanied by social upheaval. For one thing, bows and arrows seemingly favored individuals over groups. When everyone used big, slow atlatals and got just one shot at game, hunting in groups was necessary to hedge bets. In contrast, the precision and stealth of bows and arrows encouraged solitary hunting. The group became less important.

 

Arrows might also have upended the relations between the sexes. Recall from Chapter 2 that women often throw atlatals better than men. Bows and arrows, however, tend to favor males. That’s partly because men are generally taller and generally have more upper body strength, bothof which provide an advantage when shooting bows. (Arm length and arm strength allow an archer to use a stiffer bow and pull the string back farther, generating more snap). That said, it wasn’t all biology; cultural factors favored males as well. However clumsy atlatals seem at first, people could master them reasonably quickly; children as young as seven can take down deer with them. Proficiency with arrows takes more practice; few children can reliably kill game with arrows until their mid-teens. And for whatever reason, most cultures in the ancient world – in Africa, in Asia, in Europe, in the Americas – denied young females the chance to develop this skill, shunting them off to gather plant food instead. As a result, bows and arrows became a male-dominated weapon.”

 

Images of an atlatl and bow hunter came from Wikimedia Commons.