There is a very detailed 29-page pdf article (with 78 references) by Alan Crawley at Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science on June 7, 2023 [pages 1 to 29] titled Clap, Clap, Clap – Unsystematic Review Essay on Clapping and Applause. The first two paragraphs of his Conclusion are that:
“Clapping and applause are two different behaviors. The first is a nonverbal phonokinesic manner that mechanically produces an acoustic sound after bursting a bubble of air between both palms of the hands. Different from clapping, applauses are claps that convey a meaning of approval, most usually used in a rhythmic, repetitive sequence.
This may be the first literature review on the complex polysemic and multipurpose behavior of clapping, and even it tried to bring several interdisciplinary lenses to study the same behavior, many historical and current aspects of how it functions, its variations, frequency, and so many more aspects still are yet to understand.”
Functions of applause are to:
Approve
Celebrate
Show Support
Cooperate
Intimidate
Section titles in Alan’s article are:
Introduction
Definition
Is a Clap a Gesture?
Evolutionary Origin of Clapping
Development of Clapping During Ontogeny
Clapp as an Expression of Soft Biometric Data
Clap as an Expression of Language and Inner Thought
Clap as a Social Act
Clap as a Contagious and Synchronized Act
Why is Synchrony Important,
and How Does It Work in Humans?
Clapping and Social Hierarchy
Synchrony Unity and Equality
The Role of Culture in Applause and Claps
The Subjective Experience of Receiving Applause
Conclusion
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