Showing posts with label rehearsing. Show all posts
Showing posts with label rehearsing. Show all posts

Thursday, April 30, 2026

A Long Game: Notes on writing fiction is an interesting little book by Elizabeth McCracken


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

There is an interesting little 2025 book by Elizabeth McCracken titled A Long Game: Notes on writing fiction. It is organized into ten untitled chapters, and has a total of 280 brief essays. A Google Books preview covers just the first thirteen pages. There is a detailed index. I quote three essays.

 

Her third essay describes the book:

 

“This is a book that dispenses advice, composed by a writer of fiction. As with any such book or craft talk or social media rant or workshop critique, a lot of it is hogwash. I’m talking to myself. That’s all writers really do. Give speeches to the mirror, whisper into a shell on the beach, find a stranger in a dive bar. Teach.

 

Eventually the odd writer is driven to write a book about writing. Craft books, these volumes are called: chipper, cheerleaderish, generally with an encouraging second-person narrator meant to make the whole exhausting process of writing a book seem possible. You can do it!

 

It’s a reasonable stance: you’ll never stand on the winner’s podium if you can’t get off the starting block.

 

But I don’t know if you can write a book. I don’t know if I can write a book. I don’t know if I can write this book, though over the past thirty years I’ve published four novels, three collections of short stories, and a memoir, and have written several more unpublished books. (How many? We won’t speak of that yet.) Everything that I have ever believed was true and immutable about my work has changed. Only certain obsessions remain. A writing life, I’ve come to believe, is a yearslong process of casting away everything you once believed for sure.”  

 

The forty-fifth essay describes outlining, and, of course, also applies to the process of writing a speech:

 

“Proponents of outlining like every-day writers, like to recommend the process to everyone. They are talking to themselves, announcing how their own brains work, As for me, I have tried outlining before a project, and it looks like this:

 

I. The Waxmans arrive in Iowa.

 A. Family unhappiness.

  1. The loss of furniture.

    i. That buffet, a wedding gift, was an act of revenge.

     a) List of Great-Grandmother Waxman’s grudges.

 

… until the outline threatens to slant around the back of the page.

 

There’s a wonderful moment while writing a book when, after swimming alone in the ocean of your dream-world, you can sense it becoming actual, you can imagine how another person might navigate it by the landmarks you have installed, but you don’t want to arrive at that shore too soon. For some people, outlining is a form of thought: free from sentences and paragraphs, they can make meaningful decisions about their books. The outline prolongs the dream. Others of us dream in sentences only. We dream as we draft. Nothing is possible. (I am talking to myself) without language. I figure things out. I write with the abandon of a tourist. What interests me at first might bore me later. That’s all right.

 

No process is wrong that leads to a first draft of a book.”

 

Her eighty-ninth essay also applies to rehearsing a speech:

 

“I read my work aloud for a number of reasons, only some of which have to do with vanity. When I write, I hear language, but it’s not direct. Sonic, but not phonetic, a kind of burble that I find beautiful. Like swimming, while nearby a band plays loud music: I sense the sound, and it’s part of the experience, but not the entirety. Notes, not nuances. When I read aloud, I hear everything: accidental rhymes and repetitions, sentences that don’t make sense, five sentences in a row that sound alike, inconsistencies and unparallel constructions. Using my literal voice puts me back in the work as opposed to above it, as happens when I read in my head. If I realize that I’ve stopped reading aloud, it’s because my mouth knows the work is not so good: unclear, listless, unworthy of being declaimed. I read aloud to show off, but to myself. I’d be horrified if anyone could hear me.”

 

The writer typing was adapted from an image at OpenClipArt.

 

 

Saturday, January 31, 2026

An excellent blog post on how to rehearse a speech


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

There is an excellent post by Nick Morgan at his Public Words blog on February 6, 2024 titled How to Rehearse a Speech which has the following half-dozen useful suggestions:

 

As soon as you can, ‘freeze’ the script.

 

Record the speech and play it on walks, runs, drives, and anything else repetitive you do before the event.

 

Break the speech into chunks and rehearse them out of order.

 

Spend time connecting your motion on stage with the moments of your speech.

 

Memorize the flow of the speech, not the specific words.

 

Practice the speech with different emotional tones.

 

The image of Brittney Marie came from Wikimedia Commons.

 

 

Wednesday, January 7, 2026

Should you rehearse a speech more than three times?


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

You should if you want excellence. But an article by Jennifer Witter at elevate network on December 10, 2025 titled A CEO’s Advice on Overcoming Your Fear of Public Speaking had five points:

 

1] Start Small

2] Rehearse

3] Stand Up

4] Forget Perfection

5] Learn to Pivot

 

And under Rehearse she said that:

 

“The CEO of Ketchum, a global public relations firm where I worked as a vice president before launching my own PR agency, suggested that one rehearse no more than three times. Anymore, you may sound stilted, too rehearsed. Any less, and you may overlook potential kinks in your address.

 

When you rehearse, concentrate on the process. Don’t take calls, don’t look at your email, and don’t shoehorn it in between meetings. Set aside time in your calendar to solely focus on your presentation. Get comfortable with what you’re going to say. Depending on the length of the speech, I usually hold an hour in my schedule for each rehearsal.”

 

On November 23, 2021 I blogged about How many times (or for how long) should you rehearse your speech? and noted Carmine Gallo instead had said ten times. Earlier, on August 27, 2018 in a post titled Chasing the perfect presentation I displayed the hyperbola shown above, where you need five rehearsals for 80% perfect and ten for 90% perfect.

 

Back on July 26, 2012 I blogged about how Nick Morgan discussed Seven ways to rehearse a speech, which are:

 

Rehearse the Content
The Logical Structure Rehearsal
Rehearse the Non-verbal Conversation
Rehearse the Emotions
The Walk-Through Rehearsal
The Opening Rehearsal
The Dress Rehearsal

 

Saturday, November 29, 2025

Public Speaking Pointers


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

One common type of advice for speakers is to give them pointers on what to do. The other type of advice to discuss mistakes, and how to avoid them.

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

There is a long, excellent article by Paul N. Edwards from October 2014 titled How to Give an Academic Talk, v5.2. It is a 14-page pdf which descended from a 5-page pdf article from 2001 titled How to Give an Academic Talk: Changing the Culture of Public Speaking in the Humanities. He has a table with worse or better rules of thumb, as shown above. There also are six gray boxes with advice on:

 

Preparing Your Talk

About Vocal Technique

About Presentation Software

About Timing

Handling Questions

Murphy’s Law applies directly to you:

  plan for disaster

 

And there is a 7-page pdf article by Christine Blome, Hanno Sondermann, and Matthias Augustin in the GMS Journal for Medical Education on February 15, 2017 titled Accepted standards on how to give a Medical Research Presentation: a systematic review of expert opinion papers. They analyzed 91 articles! Their thirty recommendations and their percentages (shown in their Table 1 and greater than 20%) are to:

 

 1] Keep your slides simple - 62.6%

 2] Know your audience - 52.7%

 3] Make eye contact - 46.2%

 4] Do not read the talk from slides or a manuscript - 44.0%

 5] Rehearse the presentation - 44.0% [also see #11]

 6] Limit the number of lines per slide - 42.9%

 7] Slides should be readable - 42.9%

 8] Stick to the allotted time - 40.7%

 9] Time the presentation beforehand - 38.5%

10] Use simple tables and graphs - 34.1%

11] Rehearse in front of other persons - 33.0% [also see #5]

12] Know your topic ‘like the back of your hand’ - 31.9%

13] Vary your voice - 29.7%

14] Develop an objective when preparing the presentation - 28.6%

15] Limit the number of words per line - 28.6%

16] Choose a light background - 28.6% [also see #20]

17] Do not use too many slides - 27.5%

18] Test all equipment - 27.5%

19] Use animations carefully - 27.5%

20] Choose a dark background - 26.4% [also see #16]

21] Keep the presentation clear and simple (delivery) - 26.4%

22] Summarize at the end of the presentation - 26.4%

23] Do not speak too fast - 24.2%

24] Put phrases, not sentences, on slides - 24.2%

25] Be logical - 23.1%

26] Face the audience - 23.1%

27] Be enthusiastic - 20.9%

28] Be prepared for questions - 20.9%

29] Create visuals with a consistent design - 20.9%

30] Use contrasting colors - 20.9%

 

 

Saturday, November 23, 2024

6 Tips for better public speaking


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

There is an excellent brief article by Jim Mandelaro at the University of Rochester on November 21, 2024 titled Fear of public speaking? This Rochester professor has you covered. It presents these six tips:

 

Know your audience!

Be yourself.

Find your perfect pace.

Work up to eye contact.

Focus on getting started.

Practice, practice, practice.

 

And it links to a five-minute YouTube video by Amy Arbogast titled 6 Tips for better public speaking. Under Know Your Audience she says:

 

“Good speakers think about what they’re going to say. Great speakers think about who they’re saying it to. Ask yourself, ‘What do I want my audience to learn or take away from what I say? How do I want them to feel or respond?’ And think about who’s going to be there – what do they already know or not know? What kind of jargon is going to be familiar to them, or is going to make them feel a little left out? What’s important to them? And how can you make them care about what you are saying?  Thinking through these questions will make it much easier and more intuitive to convey your message.”

 

The cartoon was adapted from one with six thinking hats at Openclipart.

 


Saturday, August 17, 2024

First look at the data, then look at the words

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Via interlibrary loan, I recently got a 2024 book by Hasan Merali titled Sleep Well, Take Risks, Squish the Peas and subtitled Secrets from the Science of Toddlers for a Happier, More Successful way of Life. On page 58 he intriguingly says:

 

“One of the sad parts of getting older is that we all go over what has been termed the ‘humor cliff.’ A 2013 Gallup study of 1.4 million people in 163 different countries showed that the amount we smile and laugh starts to fall dramatically at age twenty-three. It does start to rise again but not until age eighty, and it never reaches the peak we started at.” Ref. 4, 5

 

Reference 5 is an August 2021 TED talk by Jennifer Aaker and Naomi Bagdonas: Why Great Leaders Take Humor Seriously | TED. They discuss the global humor cliff:

 

“Here’s the problem though. We’ve all fallen off a humor cliff. In a global study, over a million people were asked a simple question – did you smile or laugh a lot yesterday? When we’re kids the answer is yes. Then, right when we enter the work force, the answer becomes no. The good news is things look up again around 80. The bad news is the average life expectancy is 78.”

 

And they have a graph at the one-minute mark, which I have shown above with annotations. But their words and their graph disagree. A transition between yes and no logically would occur at 50% (my dashed red line at the bottom), but their blue line always is above 60%. If the transition was at 75%, then their statement would make sense. Instead, when we enter the work force the slope decreases. This problem should have been caught in the first rehearsal where the graphic was used.

 

That TED talk was preceded by a 2021 book by Jennifer Aaker and Naomi Bagdonas titled Humor, Seriously: Why Humor is a Secret Weapon at Work and in Life. Their discussion of The Humor Cliff on page 22 has a two-and-a-half-inch tall line drawing just like the TED talk and above it says:

 

“The collective loss of our sense of humor is a serious problem afflicting people and organizations globally. We’re all going over the humor cliff together, tumbling down into the abyss of solemnity below.

 

At the bottom of that abyss, we’re joined by the majority of 1.4 million survey respondents in 166 countries who revealed in this Gallup poll that the frequency with which we laugh or smile each day starts to plummet around age 23.”

 

That discrepancy also should have been caught during proofreading of the book.

 

There is an article by Reed Tucker at the New York Post on March 13, 2021 titled We start losing our sense of humor at age 23 – and it could wreck your career. It has a graphic with a detailed caption saying:

 

“THE HUMOR CLIFF

Studies show that people laugh freely and openly when young, but less so as they age, starting around 23. The laughter tends to return, however in the twilight year – perhaps as we work less and spend more time with loved ones.”

 

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

My annotated version of the graphic is shown above. The article title accepts the age 23 claim from the book without looking at what the data in the graph reveals. We really start losing our sense of humor at age 13. It drops from 83.4 percent at age 13 to 73.6% at age 25 - at a rate of 0.82% per year. Then from age 25 to 50 it drops more slowly at a rate of 0.22% per year to 68.1% at age 50. There also is a small peak of 68.6% at age 58. It drops at 0.3% per year from age 58 to age 83 The minimum is 61% at age 83, and then it rises again to 72% at age 100.

 

A Toastmasters International web page about Visual Aids and Props warns us that:

 

“Diagrams, graphs and charts should always coincide with what is being said in the speech.” 

 

We should first look at the data, and then look at the words to see that they match.

 


Friday, April 14, 2023

Detailed tips for effective oral presentations in research

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

On February 5, 2023 I blogged about Reducing excessive use of filler words in scientific speech. In that post I discussed a 2022 article by Douglas R. Seals and McKinley E. Coppock in Advances in Physiology Education.

 

There is a broader article by Professor Douglas R. Seals in the American Journal of Physiology (Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology) for August 29, 2022, on pages R496 to R511 titled Talking the talk: Tips for effective oral presentations in biomedical research. He provides us with a very detailed perspective, based on his having given about 275 invited presentations over almost four decades. Headings in that article are as follows:

 

INTRODUCTION

 

IMPORTANCE OF EFFECTIVE ORAL PRESENTATION SKILLS

 

OPPORTUNITIES TO DEVELOP EFFECTIVE ORAL PRESENTATION SKILLS

 

Options for gaining experience

Within the laboratory.

Within your classes.

Research trainee’s seminar series.

Research conferences.

Community presentations.

 

Sources of Guidance, Feedback, and Inspiration

Professional organizations.

Mentors and senior colleagues.

Instructors and courses.

Inspiring speakers.

 

BEFORE YOU DECIDE TO PRESENT

 

Enough data?

Enough Time to Prepare?

Presentation Topic Versus Setting: Goodness of Fit?

Potential Benefits of Accepting -Or Downsides of Declining – An Invitation

 

DEVELOPING YOUR PRESENTATION

 

General Concepts

Create a preparation timeline.

Keep it simple.

Less is more.

Address the broad range of the audience.

Problems, limitations, and alternative approaches.

 

Specific Slide-Development Suggestions

Acknowledgements

 

“DELIVERING THE GOODS”

 

Preparing for Your Presentation

Practice, practice, practice.

When practicing: clearly describe the content of each slide.

When practicing: minimize the use of “fillers”.

When practicing: slide-to-slide “transitions” are key.

When practicing: face the audience.

 

Prepresentation Particulars

Share presentation materials beforehand.

Avoid “Mac attacks.”

Projection systems are not foolproof.

Get to know your podium technology before you start speaking.

If asked, use the microphone.

 

During Your Formal (Didactic) Presentation

Speak at a deliberate pace.

Speak in a relaxed, conversational manner.

Greet, speak to, and monitor the entire audience.

Establish an effective presentation “tone.”

Use your slides as notes.

Be careful paraphrasing text on slides.

React to unexpected disruptions.

Use the “pointer” judiciously.

Microphone tips.

Have a drink and lozenge available.

Enjoy the moment.

 

Postpresentation Q&A Period

What is the question?

Don’t rush the response.

Keep it brief.

Qualify your response.

Be ready for questions regarding future directions.

 

Considerations for Effective Virtual Presentations

 

AUDIENCE “GOOD WILL”

The Concept

Good Will-Depleting “Cardinal Sins” To Avoid

 

SYNOPSIS

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 

DISCLOSURES

 

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

 

REFERENCES

 

My cartoon was adapted from this one at Wikimedia Commons.

 


Wednesday, March 16, 2022

Five things you need to be a highly effective public speaker

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

At Authority Magazine (Medium) in February and March there is a series of 25 articles resulting from interviews with Fotis Georgiadis on the Five things you need to be a highly effective public speaker. Those five things are the main take-away. (The interviews also asked a long series of other questions). Here are the dates, interviewees, and their five things:

 

February 13, 2022

 

Julie Navickas [university communications instructor]:

Understand Your Audience

Engage Your Audience

Be Aware of Your Non-Verbal Communication

Use Humor Effectively

Practice

 

Natalie Sullivan of Vegas Improv Power:

Know what you know.

Know what you don’t know.

Care about what you are saying.

Comfort in discomfort

Connection.

 

February 16, 2022

 

Jennifer Best of AAE Speakers Bureau:

Your “why.”

Lots of practice.

A niche.

A compelling story.

A community.

 

Andrea Heuston of Artitudes:

Audience Research.

Location Research.

Practice. Practice. Practice

Hook them with an opening ‘heart’ story.

Pay attention to language and cadence.

 

Lynn Mason-Pattnosh of ConciergeQ Media:

Public speaking as performance.

Smile.

Breathe.

Audience.

Pressure is a privilege.

 

Dr. Angelia Registad [communication consultant and coach]:  

Be Authentic and Vulnerable

Tell a Story

Use Visuals

Be Organized and Prepared

Practice, Practice, Practice

 

February 20, 2022

 

Keenan Beavis of Longhouse Media:  

Understand that being nervous is completely normal.

Confidence in yourself.

Belief in what you’re saying.

Individuals, not a crowd.

Practice. Practice. Practice.

 

Kyle Bose of Kettering Fairmont High School:

Great body language.

Inflection of voice.

Pacing.

Knowledge.

Awareness.

 

LaQuita Cleare of Clear Communication Academy:

Ability to have a conversation

Storytelling skills

A powerful hook: first impressions matter

Dynamic delivery skills

A clear message

 

Maria Cormier of Emerging Leader Training:

Greet people at the door.

Get the audience involved.

Make it a conversation.

Know your topic.

Gain confidence through practicality.

 

Dan Faill of Faill Safe Solutions:

Your Mindset

Your Message

Your Story

Your Speaker Friends

Your Voice

 

Jonathan George of Unleash Your Rockstar Personal Branding Agency:

Clarity

Content.

Preparation.

Practice.

 

Tommy Hilcken [speaking coach]:  

You must be trained.

Be confident.

Be prepared.

Do the biz.

Love what you do.

 

Joseph McClendon III of the Neuroencoding Institute:

Identification.

Logic/Reason.

Attack and confess.

Solution.

Assume the action.

 

Simba Nyazika of Lenica Research Group:

Have a clear vision (why) for the presentation.

Clarify the one primary thing you want the audience to leave with or to do.

Use stories to engage and make your speech memorable.

Use your non-verbal behaviour to make your speech more impactful.

Make eye contact with sections of the audience, especially during key portions which you want them to remember.

 

February 23, 2022

 

Paul Krismer [keynote speaker]:

Genuinely have something to say.

Be in a business frame of mind.

Be a bit funny.

A good talk is filled with stories that leave an emotional impact.

Prioritize (individualize) your audience for every speech.

 

February 27, 2022

 

LeAnn Brazeal of Missouri State University:

Authenticity.

Conversational style.

Appropriate practice.

Passion for your topic.

Content you’re proud to share.

 

Kelly Charles-Collins [attorney and TEDx speaker]:

You must know what you are going to speak about, who you are going to speak to, what you are going to charge, who will pay you for what you are speaking about, what is the value you will provide.

Whatever your rate is, you must be able to say it and shut up.

Be authentically you.

You must have a depth of knowledge about your topic.

Who you say you are on social media, your website, marketing materials, etc. must be congruent with who shows up for a client.

 

Debra Jason of The Write Direction:

D is for dream.

A is for authenticity.

N is for nurture.

C is create connection.

E is for engagement.

 

March 1, 2022

 

Maria DiLorenzo of MFD Style:

Practice

Pay attention to your speech cadence

Get personal

Be emotive

Believe in yourself and your message

 

March 6

 

Jon Saunders [business leader]:

Practice! Practice! Practice!

Bring energy to the presentation.

Content. Balance between actual points you are trying to make and stories.

Deliver your presentation with a calm confidence.

If using a PowerPoint, remember that less is more.

 

Kyle Slaymaker of The Slaymaker Method:

Be your authentic self.

Be honest.

Be confident.

Place yourself behind others.

Learn from your audience.

 

March 8, 2022

 

Holly Dowling [keynote speaker]:

Lose your ego.

Find your “why.”

Throw out the script and stop memorizing!

Be relatable, be trustworthy, and be empathetic.

Start focusing on bringing your light to your message so you can shine a light on everyone else.

 

March 10, 2022

 

Matias Rodsevich of PR Lab:

Confidence brings credibility and authenticity.

Being yourself relates to your ability to keep it natural.

Relating to the audience also establishes a connection that helps convey what you are saying.

Keeping it short is vital.

Lastly, practicing your speech is a guarantee for having the natural flow needed.

 

March 13, 2022

 

Jackie Kallen of Bruce Merrin’s Celebrity Speakers Bureau:

Motivate.

Inspire.

Entertain.

Be creative.

Share your personality.

 

What words show up most in those lists of five things? They are: practice (10), confidence (6), story (6), audience (5), clarity (3), conversation (3), and why (3).

 

Dan Faill claimed that:

“In fact, nearly 77% of people have glossophobia, or fear of public speaking.”

 

But back on October 12, 2020 I blogged about Do 77% of Americans fear public speaking? No! That percentage described stage fright in Swedes who also had social anxiety disorder.

 


Tuesday, December 7, 2021

Did Ralph Waldo Emerson really say that all the great speakers were bad speakers at first?

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

There is an often-used quotation, attributed to Ralph Waldo Emerson, that:

 

“All the great speakers were bad speakers at first.

 

For example, John Zimmer used it on the home page of his Manner of Speaking web site. (John has written about over 340 quotes there). But, did Emerson really say that?

 

I looked at Google Books (and also EbscoHost), and quickly found that quote is real. It appears in his 1860 book of essays titled The Conduct of  Life in an essay on Power. A longer version is:

 

“….Practice is nine-tenths. A course of mobs is good practice for orators. All the great speakers were bad speakers at first. Stumping through England for seven years made Cobden a consummate debater. Stumping it through New England for twice seven trained Wendell Phillips….”

 

The 1871 engraving of Emerson came from the Library of Congress.

 


Tuesday, November 23, 2021

How many times (or for how long) should you rehearse your speech?


 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

One recent answer is in an article by Carmine Gallo at Inc. on November 18, 2019 titled Why you should practice your presentation 10 times before taking stage. Another longer answer is in a blog post by Scott Schwertly on April 21, 2021 titled My thoughts on presentation practice and rehearsal routines where he said:

 

“On that note, you should practice using what I like to call the Plus 10 Rule. I’ve explained this in earlier posts but I’ll highlight it here again. The Plus 10 Rule implies that you should practice a presentation the number of minutes of your talk plus ten. For instance, if you are going to give a 20-minute talk on a subject you would take 20 and add 10. Therefore, you should practice that presentation 30 times.”

 

On August 27, 2018 I blogged about Chasing the perfect presentation – TED Talks and the World Championship of Public Speaking. In that post I mentioned that Carmine Gallo stated Jill Bolte-Taylor had practiced her 2008 My Stroke of Insight TED Talk 200 times.

 

The more times you practice, the higher the quality, and the closer you asymptotically approach perfection, as is shown above.  

 


Monday, August 27, 2018

Chasing the perfect presentation – TED Talks and the World Championship of Public Speaking












 Perfection is something we can approach but never quite reach. But professionals certainly put a lot of effort into the chase.


















On August 6 th I blogged about Don’t fear perfection. In that post I used a graph of a hyperbola, as is shown above, and the idea of an asymptote – the limit that a function approaches. I used perfection as the theme for our Toastmasters club meeting on Friday, since their World Championship of Public Speaking was held on Saturday. (It was won by Ramona J. Smith).

On July 30, 2018 at Inc Carmine Gallo had an article titled 5 key steps to rehearsing a presentation like the best TED speakers. His five rehearsal steps are:

1]  Start with presentation notes
2]  Practice under ‘mild stress’
3]  Ask for specific feedback
4]  Record it
5]  Practice until it’s effortless

Carmine suggested you rehearse at least 10 times, but also described how Jill Bolte-Taylor practiced her My Stroke of Insight TED talk 200 times.























Let’s look at a hypothetical example with a hyperbola, as shown above. The percent perfect, Y, depends on the number of rehearsals, X, by: Y = 100 (1 – [1/X])
Most of us nonprofessional speakers might instead stop at 5 rehearsals and get to 80% perfect or 20% below that asymptote. To reach 10% below it, we would need to double the amount of rehearsals to 10.  


















For a TED talk, a pro might instead rehearse 100 times, and as is shown above, get to 1% below perfect.




















Since a TED talk is just 18 minutes long, 100 rehearsals would take 30 hours. 200 would take 60 hours. Was 200 worth it for Jill Bolte-Taylor? In the past decade the YouTube video of her My Stroke of Insight talk has been viewed over 5.4 million times.


















For the International Speech Contest leading to the World Championship of Public Speaking held by Toastmasters International, the maximum speech time is just 7-1/2 minutes, so as shown above, a hundred rehearsals would take just 12-1/2 hours.

At the Toastmasters District 15 Conference in May (here in Boise) Ed Tate, the World Champion in 2000, discussed coaching the 2016 winner, Darren Tay. Just 36 hours before the championship they concluded that Darren’s speech wasn’t good enough, and started over. So Darren wrote a whole new speech, and rehearsed it, as Ed described in a June 18, 2017 article, The wisdom of a champion comes through. That was an amazingly focused effort. You can watch a YouTube video of Darren's speech.

Monday, January 1, 2018

In 2018 only you can prevent bad presentations
















































































Once again at the New Year it is time to resolve to make good rather than bad presentations. You can prevent producing a bad presentation by doing a better job of planning to tell a coherent story, illustrating with useful graphics, and rehearsing sufficiently.

This is the fourth in my series of illustrations continuing those from 2015, 2016, and 2017. The finger pointing at you came from Wikimedia Commons. The image of Theodore Roosevelt from around 1913 was adapted from one at the Library of Congress. The finger pointing lady and pointing hat man are from Openclipart.